Effective: Spring 2001

Course Number: * 880-350                        Cross Listed Number:    618-350

Course Title: Contemporary Japanese Society

15 Character Abbreviation: Contemp Japan
25 Character Abbreviation: Contemp Japanese Society

* You MUST verify course numbers with Registrar's Office prior to submitting (x1211)

Other Programs Affected: Asian Studies Minor

Check if course is to meet any of the following requirements:

X None        Writing         Computer        Diversity        General Ed and Area

Credit/Contact Hours: (per semester)

Total lab hours: Total lecture hours: 48
Number of credits 3 Total contact hours: 48

Check if course is repeatable:   X No       Yes (if yes, answer the following questions)

• No of times in major               No of credits in major
• No of times in degree            No of credits in degree

Major Title(s)
Minor Title(s)
Emphasis Title(s)

Course justification:
The course broadens the educational choices available to students who wish to learn about other nations and cultures. It is an alternative to courses on contemporary social relations, processes, and issues that concentrate on the American experience, and an alternative to courses that provide an historical perspective. The course integrates many features of studying a contemporary society by having students examine in-depth the social processes in one advanced industrial non-Western society. Students who have learned about the language, literature, religion, history, economics or geography of Japan can extend and synthesize their learning by studying the people and social institutions of contemporary Japan. The course will be especially valuable to students in the Asian Studies Minor, International Business emphasis, and the International Studies Major and Minor. It contributes to reducing parochialism, promoting an international perspective, and preparing students to be active, informed global citizens in a more interconnected world.

Relationship to program assessment objectives:
This course fills objectives in four programs, Asian Studies Minor, Sociology Major, International Studies Major, and International Business Emphasis. It provides students with knowledge on the issues and events occurring contemporary Asia, reinforces and extends learning in language, humanities and others courses on Japan, and helps students to make comparisons across cultural-national boundaries. In the course, students will do the following,

1. acquire a global perspective on current events and peoples outside the Western cultural experience,
2. develop a foundation of content knowledge about one nation that will improve their ability to interpret events and situations in contemporary Japan,
3. understand cultural assumptions, implicit knowledge, and social relationships that will help students to communicate and interact with Japanese people and organizations,
4. extend their cognitive skills of synthesizing and evaluating the social process and relationships in one society based on information from multiple viewpoints and formats,
5. expand their awareness of the range of spiritual-cultural values and beliefs, styles of living, social arrangements, and issues that affect people in a contemporary society;
6. practice skills communicating about the social-cultural knowledge they learned in written and oral forms.

Course description:
This course examines contemporary Japanese society. It includes a study of social institutions, processes, and culture of Japan. The course examines following areas, (a) culture (beliefs, customs, social identity); (b) social institutions (family, religion, education, work, media); (c) societal processes (socialization, deviance, urbanization); (d) inequalities (gender, income, race-ethnic, region), and (e) the politics, economy, and international position of Japan.

Course requisites: Concurrent registration or prior completion of any of the following: 722-364, 740-130, 740-433, 786-211, 786-303, 820-460, 230-451, 680-258, or 880-290, or 4 credits of Japanese language instruction, or consent of Instructor.

If dual listed, list graduate level requirements: Not applicable

Course objectives and tentative course syllabus:
See Attached

Bibliography: See Attached

INTRODUCTION
This course reviews the social institutions, political-economic structures, and social relations in contemporary Japan. While it is sensitive to Japan's historical and cultural context, the course primarily focuses on the present and immediate past. It focuses on the following areas:

    (a) culture (beliefs, customs, social identity and communication patterns).
    (b) major social institutions (family, religion, education, work, media).
    (c) societal processes (socialization, conformity-deviance, urbanization).
    (d) social stratification and inequality (by gender, income, race-ethnic group, region)
    (e) politics, economic growth and international relations

BOOKS

Main Textbook:
    Yoshio Sugimoto. 1997. An Introduction to Japanese Society. Cambridge University Press. (259 Pp.).

Supplemental Books:
    Feiler, Bruce S. 1991. Learning How to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan. Houghton Mifflin (305 Pp.).
    Takada, Noriko and Rita Lampkin. 1997. The Japansese Way: Aspects of Behavior, Attitudes and Customs of the Japanese. Passport Books
        (98 Pp.).

BOOK REPORT BOOKS: Each student is required to read one of the following five books.

    1. Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting selves: Power, gender and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago: University of
        Chicago Press.

    2. Raz, Aviad E. 1999. Riding the Black Ship: Japan and Tokyo Disneyland. Harvard University Asia Center.

    3. LeBlanc, Robin M. 1999. Bicycle Citizens: The Political World of the Japanese Housewife. University of California Press.

    4. Fowler, Edward. 1996. San'ya Blues: Laboring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. Cornell Uniersity Press.

    5. Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton University Press.

Readings: In addition to the main textbook, the two supplemental books, and book for the book report, each week there are handouts. Some handouts are 5-10 page essays on Japan from Japan Quarterly or a similar Japanese publication, others are 1-2 page newspaper or magazine articles published in the past 3-4 years.

GRADING AND EVALUATION OF LEARNING

Points Percentage

Exams (Midterm, Final) 120 48%
Four Video Reports 40 16%
1 Cultural Short Paper 20 8%
Weekly Newspaper Summaries 30 12%
Book Report 40 16%
Total 250 100%

Four Video Reports (10 points each)

Each student is to view, outside of class, four videotapes from an approved list and write a 2-page paper on each. This list includes full-length Japanese motion pictures with English subtitles and educational videos. The papers must be typed and describe how major themes shown in the videotape relate to course readings/lecture/discussion.

Short cultural paper (20 points)

Each student should conduct research and prepare a four page paper that describes some aspect of Japanese culture (e.g., Tea Ceremony, Kabuki, Sumo, Baseball, Gardens, the Bath, Pop Music, Manga or comics). The topic must be approved in advance.

Weekly Newspaper Summaries (30 points)

Each student is to read an article about some aspect of Japanese society from an English-language newspaper from Japan (these are available on the Internet) and write a one-page summary. A total of fifteen summaries (2 points each) over the semester are due.

Book Report (40 points)

Each student is to read one book from the selected list and prepare a 5-6 page (typed, double-spaced) report on the book.

TOPIC OUTLINE:

(Videos, # = to buy, * = in Anderson Library)

Week 1

I. INTRODUCTION

    A. Geography, History and Demography of Japan
    B. Brief Summary Japanese History to 1990
        1. Pre-Meiji civilization
        2. Meiji transformation
        3. Taisho era and transition to an international power
        4. Militarism and the war years
        5. U.S. Occupation era
        6. MITI and rapid economic growth
        7. Burst of the Bubble

            Required Readings:  Takada: Units 11 (Calendar), 26 (Earthquakes), 30 (Flag), 36 (Geography), 45 (Imperial Family), 63 (Population)
            Handouts: Map of Japan, Fact Sheets
            Video: Introduction to "Korkoro" video series (1998, 30 min).*

Weeks 2-3

II. CULTURAL IDENTITY, SELF AND BASIC VALUES

    A. The Japanese Language
    B. Subjectivity and Sense of Self
    C. Interaction Patterns
   D. Japanese Etiquette

            Required Readings: Yoshimoto, Chapter 1, "The Japan Phenomenon and the Social Sciences"
                                                Feidler, Chapters 1-5

Week 4

III. SOCIALIZATION AND LIFE CYCLE

    A. Childhood - Preschool
    B. Childhood - Early Schooling years
    C. Adolescence
    D. Young Adulthood
    E. Middle and Late Adulthood
    F. Elderly

            Required Reading: Yoshimoto: Chapter 3 "Geographical and Generational Variations"
                                              Feidler: Chapters 8-12
            Handouts: Hashimoto, Akiko. 1997. "Designing Family Values." Japan Quarterly
            Video: "Japan, the Electronic Tribe" (1987, 57 min)*

Week 5

IV. FAMILY LIFE

    A. Demographics of Marriage and Family
    B. Courtship and Marriage Ceremony
    C. Married Life
    D. Divorce in Japan
    E. A Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Patterns

            Required Readings:  Feidler: Chapters 6-7, 17, 22
                                                Takada: Units 16-17 (Dating & Marriage, Death & Funerals), 29 (Family), 46 (Individuals & Couples), 51 (Love and
                                                               Affection)
            Handouts:  Ota, Mustsumi "Dad Takes Childcare Leave" Japan Quarterly (1999)
                                Kwanishi, Yuko "Breaking Up Still Hard to Do." Japan Quarterly (1998)
            Video: "Aging: When Traditional Mechanisms Vanish" (?, 45 min)#

Week 6

V. THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

    A. Overview of Japanese Education
        1. Enrollment pattens
        2. Funding and staffing
        3. Curriculum
    B. Precollege Schooling
        1. Kindergarten through Middle School
        2. The Japanese High School
    C. Higher Education in Japan
    D. School to work transition
    E. The social position of teachers and scholars

            Required Readings:  Yoshimoto: Chapter 5, "Diversity and Unity in Education"
                                                 Fielder: Chapters 14-15, 18-21, 23-24
                                                Takara: Units 27 (Education)
            Handouts: "Where Children Rule" New York Times Magazine
            Video: "Schools of Thought: Children in America and Japan" (1994, 55 min)*

Week 7

III. URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES

    A. The Community in Japan
        1. Rural Village Life
        2. Urban Neighborhood Life
    B. Major Urban/Rural Patterns
    C. Policing and Social Control
    D. Transportation System

            Readings:  Fielder: Chapter 16
                                Takata: Units 15 (Crime and Saftey), 43 (Housing), 80-81 (Toilets, Travel), 83 (Visiting  Private Homes)
            Handouts:  Bozono, Shigeru "Yakuza on the Defense" Japan Quarterly (1998).
                                Mansfield, Stephen "Tokyo, the Organic Labyrinth" Japan Quarterly (1998).
            Video: "Tokyo: Eclectic Metropolis" (1997, 30 min.)* and part of video clip on Tokyo commuter  transportation from "Power of Place"
                           video series (1994, about 10 min.)*

Midterm Exam

Week 8

VI. GENDER AND SEXUALITY

    A. Gender Rules and Roles
    B. Adult Patterns
        1. Women in the Workplace
        2. The "housewife" role in Japan
    C. Sexuality in Japanese Culture
        1. Sexuality and Sexual Fantasy in Japan
        2. Gender identity/gender bending
    D. Japanese feminism and changes
    E. Evolving Japanese masculinity

            Required Readings: Yoshimoto: Chapter 6, "Gender Stratification and the Family System"
                                                Fiedler: Chapter 17
                                                Takata: Unit 53 (Male and Female Speech)
            Handouts:  Jean Renshaw "Women in Management Roles" Japan Quarterly (1999).
                                Yoshihama, Mieko. "Domestic Violence: Japan's 'Hidden Crime'" Japan Quarterly (1999).
            Video: "Dream Girls" (1993, 50 min)*

Week 9

VIII. ASCETETICS, RELIGION AND RITUAL

    A. Principles of Japanese Ascetetics
        1. Basic Concepts
        2. Applications
            a. Japanese conceptions of beauty in art, music and drama
            b. How the Japanese view the natural world
            c. Japanese literature
    B. Religion in Japan
        1. Major Religious Traditions
        2. Christian
        3. Buddhist and Confician influence
        4. Shinto practice and influence
    C. Rituals and Festivals in Japan
        1. Matsuri
        2. O-Bon

            Required Readings:  Takada: Units 12 (Cherry viewing), 31 (Flowers and plants), 40 (Holidays and Festivals), 55 (Mt. Fuiji), 66 Religion,
                                                 69 (Shrines and Temples), 77 (Theatre), 89 (Zoological Calendar)
            Handouts: Plutschow, Herbert. 1997. "Matsuri in Everyday Japan" Japan Quarterly.
            Video: Nature from "Kokoro" series (1998, 30 min.) and Religion from "Kokoro" series (1998, 30 min.)*

Week 10

IX. MASS MEDIA AND POPULAR CULTURE

    A. Mass media
        1. Japanese cinema
        2. Television/Video
        3. The Print Media, including Manga
    B. Holiday and Family Event
        1. Marking family and life cycle events
            a. Pregnancy and birth
            b. Childhood milestones to adulthood ceremonies
            c. Getting married and setting up house
            d. Retirement and death - funerals and ancestors
        2. Marking group and community events
        3. Marking the seasons and national events
            C. Popular culture - fads and fashion

                Required Readings:  Yoshimoto: Chapter 9, "Popular Culture and Everyday Life"
                                                     Takada, following units: 32, Food and eating 49, (Leisure), 56, (Music and Dance) 61 (Pinball, pachinko) 65,
                                                                                                (Reading material), 67, (Seasons), 68, (Shopping), 72, (Sports), 74 (Telephones), 75,
                                                                                                (Television, radio, movies), 82, (Vending machines)
            Handouts:  Hong, Lawrence. "Japanese Pop Culture on the New Silk Road" Japan Quarterly (1998)
                                 Callans, Jennifer "Craving Edible Souvenirs" Japan Quarterly (1998)
                                  Kelly, William. 1997. "An Anthropologist in the Bleachers." Japan Quarterly (1997)
                                  Neff, Richard "Tradition Reigns at Japan's Onsen" Japan Quarterly (1999)
              Video: "The Japanese Version" (1991, 55 min)#

Week 11

IX. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY

    A. Social Class in Japanese Society
    B. Social Mobility and the Class System
    C. Racial Minorities and New Immigrants

            Required Readings:  Yoshimoto: Chapter 2, "Class and Stratification, An Overview," Chapter 7, "Minority  Groups, Ethnicity and
                                                                                           Discrimination"
            Handouts: Leveille, Johanne & M. Nuttall. "Being Korean in Japan." Japan Quarterly (1998)
            Video: "Struggle and Success: The African Am. Experience in Japan" (1994, 85 min.)#

Week 12

X. THE WORKPLACE

    A. School to Work Transition and the Salari-man.
    B. Work outside the "Lifetime Employment" Sector
    C. The Salariman syndrome

            Required reading:  Yoshimoto: Chapter 4, "Varieties of Work and Labor"
                                             Takada: Units 78 (Time and punctuality), 85 (Working hours)
            Handouts:  Yamada, Atsuhi. "Death of a Salaryman." Japan Quarterly (1999).
                                 Yashiro, Naobiro. "Understanding Japan's Unemployment." Japan Quarterly (1998)
            Video: "Japan:Legacy of Shogun" (1987, 50 min)*

Week 13

XI. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM

    A. The structure of the Japanese Economy, kiertsu and small business.
    B. The "Developmental State Thesis" and an export-led economy
    C. International trade and MNC's
    D. Small business in Japan

            Required reading: Yoshimoto: Chapter 8, "Collusion and Competition in the Establishment"
            Video: "Inside Japan, Inc." from Pacific Century Series (1992, 58 min)*

Week 14

XII. POLITICAL SYSTEM and

    A. Electoral System and Party System
    B. Political Machines, "Pork Barrel" and Corruption
    C. Voting and Campaigns
    D. Citizen Politics and Environmentalism

XIII. JAPAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL ACTOR

    A. A world power and a regional power
    B. International Development/Humanitarian Assistance
    C. "Internationalization" drive in Japan

            Required Reading:  Yoshimoto, Chapter 10. "Friendly Authoritarianism"
            Handouts:  Stuart, Douglas "Japan's Place in the New Asian Concert' Japan Quarterly (1997)
                                Ogawa Kazuhisa "Substantive Debate Needed on Defense Partnership" Japan Quarterl (1999)
            Video: "Globalization of Japan" (1993,?)*

Final Exam.

[Note: Sources that fit in multiple topics are only appear once]

I. INTRODUCTION: GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF JAPAN

*Allinson, Gary D. 1997. Japan's Postwar History. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

Beasley, W. G. 1995. The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change since 1850, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martins Press.

*Cornell, Laurel L. 1006. "Infanticide in Early Modern Japan? Demography, Culture and Population Growth." Journal of Asian Studies 55:22-50.

*Garon, Sheldon. 1994. "Rethinking Modernization in Japanese History." Journal of Asian Studies 53:346-366.

*Gordon, Andrew (ed.) 1993. Postwar Japan as History. Berkeley CA. University of California Press.

*Hane, Mikiso. 1982. Peasants, Rebels and Outcasts: The Underside of Modern Japan. New York: Panethon.

*Hane, Mikiso. 1986. Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Boulder CO: Westview.

*Kosai, Yutaka and Jun Saito, et al. 1998. "Declining population and sustained economic growth: Can they coexist? American Economic Review 88:412-517.

Waswo, Ann. 1996. Modern Japanese Society, 1868-1994. New York: Oxford University Press.

II. CULTURAL IDENTITY, SELF AND BASIC VALUES

@Bachnik, Jane and Charles Quinn. 1994. Situating Meaning: Inside and Outside in Japanese Self, Society, Language and Culture. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

* Befu, Harumi. 1986a. "An Ethnography of Dinner Entertainment in Japan" Pp. 108-120 in Japanese Culture and Behavior, revised edition. Edited by Takie Sugiyama Lebra and William P. Lebra. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press.

*Befu, Harumi. 1986b. "Gift Giving in Modernizing Japan" Pp. 158-170 in Japanese Culture and Behavior, revised edition. Edited by Takie Sugiyama Lebra and William P. Lebra. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press.

*Benedict, Ruth. 1946. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

*Doi, L. Takeo. 1986. "Amae: A Key Concept for Understanding Japanese Personality Structure." Pp. 121-129 in Japanese Culture and Behavior, Revised edition. Edited by Takie Sugiyama Lebra and William P. Lebra. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press.

*Hamilton, V. Lee and Joseph Sanders. 1983. "Universals in Judging Wrongdoing: Japanese and Americans Compared." American Sociological Review 48:199-210.

@Hayashi, Chikio and Kuroda Yasumasa. 1997. Japanese Culture in Contemporary Perspective. Westport CT: Praeger.

*Hendry, Joy. 1993. Wrapping Culture. Politeness, presentation and power in Japan and other societies. New York: Oxford University - Clarendon Press.

Ivy, Marlyn. 1995. Discourses of the Vanishing: Modernity Phantasm Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kreiner, Josef (ed.) 1996. The Impact of Traditional Thought on Present-Day Japan. Munich: Iudicium-Verl.

Kumagai, Fumie. 1996. Unmasking Japan Today: The Impact of Traditional Values on Modern Japanese Society. Westport CT: Praeger.

*Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. 1997. "Self an Other in Esteemed Status: The Changing Culture of the Japanese Royalty from Showa to Heisei." Journal of Japanese Studies 23:257-291.

Lie, John. 1996. "Theorizing Japanese uniqueness." Current Sociology 44:5-14.

@Mathews, Gordon. 1996. What Makes Life Worth Living? How Japanese and Americans Make Sense of Their Worlds. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 1995. "The Invention and Reinvention of Japanese Culture." Journal of Asian Studies 54:759-80.

*Nakane, Chie. 1970. Japanese Society. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1984. Illness and Culture in Contemporary Japan: An Anthropological View. New York: Cambridge University Press.

@Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1993. Rice as Self: Japanese Identities Through Time. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

*Pelzel, John C. 1986. "Human Nature in the Japanese Myths." Pp. 7-28 in Japanese Culture and Behavior, revised edition. Edited by Takie Sugiyama Lebra and William P. Lebra. Honolulu. University of Hawaii Press.

@Rosenberger, Nancy. 1992. "Tree in summer, tree in winters: movement of self in Japan." Pp. 67-92 in Japanese sense of self. Edited by Nancy Rosenberger. NY: Cambridge University Press.

Schooler, Carmi. 1998. "History, social structure and individualism." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39:32-52.

III. SOCIALIZATION AND LIFE CYCLE

*Benjamin, Gail. 1997. Japanese Lessons: A Year in a Japanese School through he Eyes of an American Anthropologist and Her Child. NY: New York University Press.

Hashimoto, Akiko. 1996. The Gift of Generations: Japanese and American Perspectives on Aging and the Social Contract. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Hendry, Joy. 1986. Becoming Japanese: The World of the Preschool Child. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Kaplan, Matthew, et al. 1998. Intergenerational Programs: Support for Children, Youth and Elders in Japan. Albany NY: SUNY Press.

*Kangmin Zeng and Gerald LeTendre. 1998. "Adolescent suicide and academic competition in East Asia." Comparative Education Review 42:513-529.

*Lock, Margaret. 1993. Encounters with Aging. Berkeley: University of California Press.

*Loscocco, Karyn A. and Arne L. Kalleberg. 1988. "Age and the Meaning of Work in the United States and Japan." Social Forces 67:337-356.

*Lewis, Catherine C. 1995. Educating Hearts and Minds: Reflections on Japanese Preschool and Elementary Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Lock, Margaret. 1993. "Ideology, Female Middle and the Greying of Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies. 19:43-78.

*Ogawa, N. and R. Etherford. 1993 "Care of the Elderly in Japan: Changing Norms and Expectations." Journal of Marriage and Family 55:585-97.

*Peak, Lois. 1991. Learning to Go to School in Japan: The Transition from Home to Preschool Life. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Usui, Chikako and Howard Palley, Howard. 1997. "The development of social policy for the elderly in Japan." Social Service Review 71:360-382.

*White, Merry. 1993. The Material child: Coming of age in Japan and America. New York: Free Press.

*Yashiro, Naohiro. 1997. "Aging of the population in Japan and its implications to the other Asian countries." Journal of Asian Economics 8:245-62.

IV. FAMILY LIFE

*Boling, Patricia. 1998. "Family Policy in Japan" Journal of Social Policy 27:173-191.

@Bumpass, Larry. 1994. "A Comparative Analysis of Coresidence and Contact with Parents in Japan and the United States." Pp. 221-246 in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

Coleman, Samuel. 1983. Family Planning in Japanese Society: Traditional Birth Control in a Modern Urban Culture. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

@Hendry, Joy. 1993b. "The role of the professional housewife." Pp. 224-41 in Japanese Women Working, edited by Janet Hunter. London: Routledge.

Jolivet, Muiriel. 1997. Japan: The Childless Society? NY:Routledge.

@Gotoo, Noriaki. 1984. "Tradition and Change in the Japanese Family and Community Life of Japan" Pp. 59-90 in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

*Kozu, Junko. 1999. "Domestic Violence in Japan." American Psychologist 54:50-55.

@Kurosu, Satomi. 1994. "Who Lives with the Extended Family and Why? The Case of Japan." Pp. 179-198 in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

*Morgan, S. Philip and Kiyos Hiroshima. 1983. "The persistence of extended family residence in Japan: anachronism or alterative strategy." American Sociological Review 48:269-81.

@Natsukari, Yasuo. 1994. "A Structural Study of Spouse Selection in Japan." Pp. 135-152 in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

@Tsuya, Noriko. 1994. "Changing Attitudes Toward Marriage and Family in Japan" Pp. 91-120 in

Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

*Ogawa, N. and R. Etherford. 1993 "Care of the Elderly in Japan: Changing Norms and Expectations." Journal of Marriage and the Family 55:585-97.

*Raymo, James M. 1998. "Later Marriages or Fewer? Changes in the Marital Behavior of Japanese Women." Journal of Marriage and the Family 60:1023-1035.

*Shimizu, Akitoshi. 1987. "Ie and Dozoku" Current Anthropology 28:585-90.

@Steinhoff, Patrica. 1994. "A Cultural Approach to the Family in Japan and the U.S." Pp. 29-44 in Tradition and Change in the Asian Family, edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Moto Yada. Honolulu: East-West Center.

*Walsh, Michael and Jerome Taylor. 1982. "Understanding in Japanese marriages." Journal of Social Psychology 118:67-76.

V. SCHOOLING AND THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

*Cutts, Robert. 1997. An Empire of Schools: Japan's Universities and the Molding of a National Power Elite. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe.

*Fujimura-Fanselow, Kumiko. 1985. "Women's participation in higher education in Japan." Comparative Education Review 29:471-89.Title:

Hayes, Louis D. 1997. "Higher education in Japan." Social Science Journal 34:297-311.

Leestma, Robert and Herbert Walberg (eds). 1992. Japanese Educational Productivity. Ann Arbor MI: Center for Japanese Studies.

Lincicome, Mark E. 1995. Principle, Praxis and the Politics of Educational Reform in Meiji Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

*Marshall, Byron. 1995. Learning to be Modern Japanese Political Discourse on Education. Boulder CO: Westview.

*McVeigh, Brian. 1998. "Linking state and self: How the Japanese state bureaucratizes subjectivity through moral education." Anthropological Quarterly 71:125-138.

Okana, Kaori. 1992. School to Work Transition in Japan. Avon, UK: Multilingual Materials.

Okano, Kaori and Motonori Tsuchiya. 1999. Education in Contemporary Japan: Inequality and Diversity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rohlen, Thomas. 1983. Japan's High Schools. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Rohlen, Thomas and Gerald LeTendre (eds.) 1995. Teaching and Learning in Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Rosenbaum, James E. and Takehiko Kariya. 1989. "From High School to Work: Market and Institutional Mechanisms in Japan." American Journal of Sociology 94:1334-11365.

*Rosenbaum, James E. and Takehiko Kariya. 1991. "Do School Achievements Affect the Early Jobs of High School Graduates in the United States and Japan?" Sociology of Education 64:78- 95.

*Stevenson, David Lee and David P. Baker. 1992. "Shadow Education and Allocation in Formal Schooling: Transition to University in Japan." American Journal of Sociology 97:1639-57.

*Tendre, Gerald K. Le. 1999. "Community-building activities in Japanese schools: Alternative paradigms of the democratic school." Comparative Education Review 43:283-311.

*Tobin, Joseph, David Wu and Dana Davidson. 1989. Preschool in Three Cultures: Japan, China and the United States. New Haven CT: Yale University Press

VI. URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

A. Urban/Rural Communities

*Bernstein, Gail Lee. 1983. Haruko's world: A Japanese farm woman and her community. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

*Bestor, Theodore C. 1989. Neighborhood Tokyo. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

@Clammer, John. 1997. Contemporary Urban Japan: A Sociology of Consumption. New York: Blackwell.

Dore, Ronald. 1978. Shinohata: A Portrait of a Japanese Village. University of California Press.

Flath, David and Tatsuhiko Nariu. 1996. "Is Japan's retail sector truly distinctive?" Journal of Comparative Economics. 23:181-192.

Fukutake, Tadashi. 1989. The Japanese Social Structure: Its Evolution in the Modern Century, 2nd ed. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press [translated by Ronald Dore].

Stapleton (eds.) 1997. The Japanese City. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky.

*Richie, Donald. 1992. "Tokyo, the Impermanent Capital," Pp. 33-40 and "Walking Tokyo,"  Pp. 53- 62 in A Lateral View: Essays on Culture and Style in Contemporary Japan. Berkeley CA: Stone Bridge Press.

*Sassen, Sasaki. 1991. Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

*Seidensticker, Edward. 1991. Low City, High City. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

@Tamanoi, Mariko Asano. 1998. Under the Shadow of Nationalism: Politics and Poetics of Rural Japanese Women. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

*Waley, Paul 1997. "Tokyo." American Behavioral Scientist 41:396-430.

B. Social Control

*Bayley, David. 1991. Forces of Order: Policing in Modern Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Johnson, David T. 1998. "The organization of prosecution and the possibility of order." Law and Society Review 32:247-309.

*Johnson, Elmer. 1996. Japanese Corrections: Managing Convicted Offenders in an Orderly Society. Carbondale IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

@Katzenstein, Peter. 1996. Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

*Miyazawa, Setsuo. 1992. Policing in Japan: A Study on Making Crime. Albany: SUNY [Translated by Frank Bennett].

*Tanioka, Ichiro and Daniel Glaser. 1991. "School Uniforms, Routine Activities and the Social
 Control of Delinquency in Japan." Youth and Society 23:50-75.

*Tsushima, Masahiro. 1996. "Economic structure and crime: The case of Japan. Journal of Socio-Economics. 25:497-516.

VII. GENDER ROLES AND SEXUALITY

*Allison, Anne 1994. Nightwork: Sexuality, pleasure, and corporate masculinity in a Tokyo hostess club. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

*Allison, Anne. 1996. Permitted and Prohibited Desires: Mothers, Comics and Censorship in Japan. Boulder CO: Westview.

Brinton, Mary. 1991. "Sex differences in on-the-job training and job rotation in Japanese firms." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 10:3-25.

*Brinton, Mary. 1988. "The social-institutional bases of gender stratification: Japan as an illustrative case." American Journal of Sociology 94:300-34.

*Brinton, Mary. 1989. "Gender stratification in contemporary urban Japan" American Sociological Review 54:549-64.

*Brinton, Mary, Hang-Yue Ngo, Kumiko Shibuya. 1991. "Gendered mobility patterns in industrial economies: the case of Japan." Social Science Quarterly 72:807-16.

*Brinton, Mary. 1993. Women and the economic miracle: gender and work in postwar Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Buckley, Sandra. 1997. Broken Silences: Voices of Japanese Feminism. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Cornell, Laurel L. 1984. "Why are there no spinsters in Japan?"Journal of Family History 9:326-39.

*Cornell, Laurel L. 1989. "Gender differences in remarriage." Journal of Marriage and Family 51:457-63.

*Cornell, Laurel L. 1992. "Intergenerational relationship social support and mortality." Social Forces 71:53-62.

*Cornell, Laurel L. 1990. "Peasant women and divorce in preindustrial Japan." Signs 15:710-32.

Hollander, Dore. 1999. "Ozzie and Harriet Live: Know Where?" Family Planning Perspectives 31:55-56.

*Iwao, Sumiko. 1993. The Japanese woman: Traditional image and changing reality. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

Kelsky, Karen. 1994. "Intimate ideologies: Transnational theory and Japan's "Yellow Cab." Public Culture 6:467-78.

*Kelsky, Karen. 1999. "Gender, modernity, and eroticized internationalism in Japan." Cultural Anthropology 14:229-256.

*Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting selves: Power, gender and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

*Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. 1984. Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Lo, Jeannie. 1990. Office Ladies and Factory Women. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe.

@Napier, Susan. 1998. "Vampires, Psychic Girls, Flying Women and Sailor Scouts: Four faces of the young female in Japanese popular culture." Pp. 91-109 in The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures, edited by D.P. Martinez. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Richie, Donald. 1992. "The Japanese Kiss," Pp. 220-225 in A Lateral View: Essays on Culture and Style in Contemporary Japan. Berkeley CA: Stone Bridge Press.

*Sugihara, Yoko and Emiko Katsurada, Emiko. 1999. "Masculinity and Femininity in Japanese Culture: A Pilot Study." Sex Roles 40:635-647.

*Smith, Robert H. 1983. "Making village women into 'good wives and wise mothers' in prewar Japan." Journal of Family History 8:70-84.

*Smith, Robert H. 1987. "Gender inequality in contemporary Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 13:1-25.

*Ueno, Chizuko. 1987. "The Position of Japanese Women Reconsidered." Current Anthropology 28:S75-S84.

VIII. AESTHETICS, RELIGION AND RITUAL

*Berthong, John. 1998. "Confucian piety and the religious dimension of Japanese Confucianism." Philosophy East and West 48:46-80.

Edwards, Walter. 1989. Modern Japan through its weddings: Gender, person and society in ritual portrayal. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

Davis, Winston. 1992. Japanese Religion and Society. Albany NY: SUNY Press.

*Earhart, H. Byrom. 1982. Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity, 3rd ed. Belmont CA: Wadsworth.

*Fujitani, Takashi. 1992. "Electronic Pageantry and Japan's 'Symbolic Emperor." The Journal of Asian Studies 51:824-58.

Goodman, Roger and Kirsten Refsing (eds). 1992. Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan. NY: Routledge.

*Hardacre, Helen. 1989. Shinto and the state, 1868-1988. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

*Hardacre, Helen. 1986. Kurozumikyo and the New Religions of Japan. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

@Hardacre, Helen. 1997. Marketing the Menacing Fetus in Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

@Hume, Nancy (ed). 1995. Japanese Aesthetics and Culture: A Reader. Albany NY: SUNY Press.

*Kitagawa, Joseph. 1987. On Understanding Japanese Religion. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

@LaFleur, William. 1992. Liquid Life: Abortion and Buddhism in Japan. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

*Nelson, John K. 1997. "Warden + Virtuoso + Salaryman = Priest: Paradigms within Japanese Shinto." Journal of Asian Studies 56:678-707.

Shida, Kiyoshi. 1999. "The Shintoist wedding ceremony in Japan: An invented tradition." Media Culture & Society 21:195-205.

@Tanaka, Keiko. 1990. "Intelligent elegance: Women in Japanese advertising." Pp. 78-96 in

Unwrapping Japan: Society and Culture in Anthropological Perspective, edited by Eyal Ben-Ari, Brian Moeran and James Valentine. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

IVX. MASS MEDIA AND POPULAR CULTURE

*Berndt, Caroline M. 1997. "Popular culture as political protest: Writing the reality of sexual slavery." Journal of Popular Culture 31:177-188.

Kasza, Gregory J. 1988. The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918-1945. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Kinsella, Sharon. 1998. "Japanese Subculture in the 1990s: Otaku and the Amateur Manga Movement." Journal of Japanese Studies 24:2879-316.

Kinsella, Sharon. 1999. "Pro-establishment manga: Pop-culture and the balance of power in Japan." Media Culture & Society 21:567-573

*Krauss, Ellis S. 1998. "Changing Television News in Japan." Journal of Asian Studies. 57:663-692.

@Linhart, Sepp and Sabine Frühstück. (eds.) 1998. The Culture of Japan as Seen Through Its Leisure. Albany NY: SUNY Press.

Mak, James et. al. (ed.) Japan: Why Its Works and Why It Doesn't: Economics in Everyday Life Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

@Masao, Yamaguchi. 1998. "Sumo in the Popular Culture of Contemporary Japan." Pp. 19-29 in The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures. edited by D.P. Martinez. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Maynard, Michael L. 1997."`Slice-of-Life': A persuasive mini drama in Japanese television advertising." Journal of Popular Culture 31:131-143.

*Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1997. "McDonald's in Japan: Changing Manners and Etiquette." Pp. 161-182 in Golden Arches East: McDonald's in East Asia, edited by James Watson. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.

*Painter, Andrew A. 1993. "Japanese Daytime Television, Popular Culture and Ideology." Journal of Japanese Studies 19:295-325.

*Pharr, Susan J. and Ellis S. Krauss. 1996. Media and Politics in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

*Raz, Aviad E. 1999. Riding the Black Ship: Japan and Tokyo Disneyland. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Asia Center.

@Robertson, Jennifer. 1998. Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

@Sato, Ikuya. 1991. Kamikaze Biker: Parody and Anomy in Affluent Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Skov, Lise and Brian Moeran. 1995. Women, Media and Consumption in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

@Tobin, Joseph J. 1992. Remade in Japan: Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in Changing Japan. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.

@Whiting, Robert. 1989. You Gotta Have Wa [Japanese Baseball]. Vintage.

X. THE WORKPLACE, SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INEQUALITY

Beck, John C. and Martha N. Beck. 1994. The Change of a Lifetime: Employment Patterns Among Japan's Managerial Elite. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

*Brinton, Mary C. 1998. "From high school to work in Japan: Lessons for the United States?" Social Service Review 72:442-452.

*Cheng, Mariah Mantsun and Arne Kalleberg. 1996. "Labor market structures in Japan: An analysis of organizational and occupational mobility patterns." Social Forces 74:1235-1261.

*Cheng, Mariah Mantsun and Arne Kalleberg. 1997. "How permanent was permanent employment?" Work & Occupations 24:12-33.

*Cole, Robert E. 1979. Work, Mobility and Participation: A Comparative Study of American and Japanese Industry. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

@Fowler, Edward. 1996. San'ya Blues: Laboring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

@Gordon, Andrew. 1999. The Wages of Affluence: Labor an Management in Postwar Japan. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

@Hamabata, Matthews Masayuki. 1990. Crested Kimono: Power and Love in the Japanese Business Family. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

*Ishida, Hiroshi. 1993. Social Mobility in Contemporary Japan. New York: Macmillan.

*Kondo, Dorinne K. 1990. Crafting selves: Power, gender and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

*Kosaka, Kenji (ed.). 1994. Social Stratification in Contemporary Japan. London: Kegan Paul.

@Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. 1993. Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Lincoln, James R. and Arne L. Kalleberg. 1990. Culture, Control and Commitment: A Study of Work organization and work attitudes in the United States and Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.

@Ogasawara, Yuko. 1998. Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender and Work in Contemporary Japanese Companies. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

@Price, John. 1997. Japan Works: Power and Paradox in Postwar Industrial Relations. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

@Roberts, Glenda. 1994. Staying on the Line; Blue-Collar Women in Contemporary Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

@Rohlen, Thomas P. 1974. From Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-Collar Organization: An Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Schooler, Carmi and Atsushi Naoi. 1988. "The Psychological Effects of Traditional and Economically Peripheral Job Settings in Japan." American Journal of Sociology 94:335-55.

*Su, Kuo-Hsien, Hiroshi Ishida, et al. 1997. "Educational credentials and promotion chances in Japanese and American organizations." American Sociological Review 62:866-883.

Tsurumi, E. Patricia. 1990 Factory Girls: Women in tread mills of Meiji Japan. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

*Turner, Christena. 1995. Japanese Workers in Protest: An Ethnography of Consciousness and Experience. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

B. Racial Minorities/Immigrants

*Denoon, Donald, Mark Hudson, Gavan McCormack and Tessa Morris-Suzuki (eds). 1996. Multicultural Japan: Paleolithic to Postmodern. New York: Cambridge University Press

@DeVos, George A. 1992. Social Cohesion and Alienation: Minorities in the United States and Japan. Boulder CO: Westview.

Fukuoka, Yasunori. 1999. Lives of Young Koreans in Japan. Columbia University Press.

*Gurowitz, Amy. 1999. "Mobilizing international norms: Domestic actors, immigrants, and the Japanese state." World Politics 51:413-446.

*Hoffman, Diane M. 1992. "Changing Faces, Changing Places -- The New Koreans in Japan." Japan Quarterly 39(4):479-489.

*Howell, David L. 1996. "Ethnicity and culture in contemporary Japan." Journal of Contemporary History 31:171-191.

*Lee, Changsoo and George DeVos. 1980. Koreans in Japan: Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation. Berkeley: University of California Press.

*Mihashi, Osamu and Roger Goodman. 1987. "The Symbolism of Social Discrimination: A Decoding of Discriminatory Language" Current Anthropology 28:S19-S24.

Min, Pong Gap. 1992. "A Comparison on the Korean Minorities in China and Japan." International Migration Review 26:4-21.

*Mitchell, Richard. 1967. The Korean Minority in Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Oguri, Keitaro. 1990. "Resident Koreans are Native Speakers Too." Japan Quarterly 37:421-431.

@Ryang, Sonia. 1997. North Koreans in Japan: Language, Ideology, and Identity. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Shimada, Haruo. 1994. Japan's 'Guest Workers' Issues and Public Policies. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press [translated by Roger Northridge].

Taguchi, Sumikazu. 1983. "A Note on Current Research of Immigrant Groups in Japan" International Migration Review 17:699-714.

*Takenaka, Ayumi. 1999. "Transnational Community and Its Ethnic Consequences." American Behavioral Scientist 42:1459-1475.

*Tsuda, Takeyuki. 1998. "The Stigma of Ethnic Difference: The Structure of Prejudice and'Discrimination' toward Japan's New Immigrant Minority." Journal of Japanese Studies 24:317-359.

*Tsuda, Takeyuki. 1999. "The Permanence of 'Temporary' Migration: The 'structural embeddeness"' of Japanese-Brazilian immigrant workers in Japan." The Journal of Asian Studies 58:687-722.

Weiner, Michael. 1989. Origins of the Korean Community in Japan, 1910-1923. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Weiner, Michael. 1997. Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity. NY: Routledge.

XI. ECONOMIC SYSTEM

@Beck, John C. and Martha Beck. 1994. The Change of a Lifetime: Employment patterns among Japan's Managerial Elite. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Brown, Clair et. al. 1997. Work and Pay in the United States and Japan. New York: Oxford University Press.

*Garon, Sheldon. 1987. The State and Labor in Modern Japan. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

*Gerlach, Michael L. 1992a. "Twilight of the Kieretsu? A Critical Assessment." Journal of Japanese Studies 18:79-118.

*Gerlach, Michael L. 1992b. Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business. Berkeley CA: University of California.

*Johnston, Chalmers. 1982. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925- 1975. Stanford University Press.

*Lincoln, James and Kerry McBride. 1987. "Japanese Industrial Organization in Comparative Perspective." Annual Review of Sociology 13:289-312.

*Lincoln, James R. and Michael Gerlach. 1996. "Keiretsu networks and corporate performance in Japan." American Sociological Review, 61:67-91.

*McCormick, Gavan. 1996. The Emptiness of Japanese Affluence. M.E. Sharpe.

*Makoto, Kumazawa. 1996. Portraits of the Japanese Workplace. Boulder CO: Westview Books.

Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 1996. "Japan: Beyond the `lessons of growth'." Social Justice 23:275-93.

*Samuels, Richard J. 1994. "Rich Nation, Strong Army:" National Security and the Economic Transformation of Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

*Smith, Richard. 1997. Japan: A Reinterpretation. New York: Pantheon.

*Tabb, William K. 1995. The Postwar Japanese System: Cultural Economy and Economic Transformation. NY: Oxford University Press.

Tsuru, Shigeto. 1993. Japanese Capitalism: Creative Defeat and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Uriu, Robert M. 1996. Troubled Industries: Confronting Economic Change in Japan. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

*Usui, Chikako and Richard Colignon. 1996. "Corporate restructuring: Converging world pattern or societally specific embeddedness?" Sociological Quarterly 37:551-579.

@Wittaker, D. H. 1997. Small Firms in the Japanese Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

*Yamamura, Kozo. 1997. "The Japanese Political Economy after the 'Bubble'" Journal of Japanese  Studies 23:291-332.

XII. POLITICAL SYSTEM

@Allinson, Gary D. and Yasunori Sone. 1993. (ed.). Political Dynamics in Contemporary Japan. Cornell University Press.

*Almeida, Paul and Linda Brewster Stearns, Linda Brewster. 1998. "Political opportunities and local grassroots environmental movements: The case of Minamata." Social Problems 45:37-61.

*Apter, David E. and Nagayo Sawa. 1984. Against the State: Politics and Social Protest in Japan. Harvard University Press.

*Bayley, David H. 1976. Forces of Order: Police Behavior in Japan and the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.

@Broadbent, Jeffrey. 1998. Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

*Cox, Gary W. and F. Rosenbluth, et al. 1998. "Mobilization, social networks, and turnout: Evidence from Japan." World Politics 50:447-475.

Flanagan, Scott C., et. al. 1991. The Japanese Voter. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.

*Garon, Sheldon. 1997. Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life. Princeton University Press.

@Haley, John Owen. 1991. Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox. Oxford University Press.

*Johnson, Chalmers. 1995. Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State. Norton.

@Kerbo, Harold R. and John A. McKinstry. 1995. Who Rules Japan: The Inner Circle of Economic and Political Power. New York:Praeger.

@LeBlanc, Robin M. 1999. Bicycle Citizens: The Political World of the Japanese Housewife. University of California Press.

*Nakano, Koichi. 1998. "Becoming a 'Policy' Ministry: The Organization and Amakudari of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications." Journal of Japanese Studies 24:95-117.

*Norgren, Tinna. 1998. "Abortion Before Birth Control: Interest Group Politics and Postwar Japanese Reproduction Policy." Journal of Japanese Studies 24:59-94.

@Mitchell, Richard H. 1996. Political Bribery in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

*Mulgan, Aurelia George. 1997. "Electoral determinants of agrarian power: Measuring rural decline in Japan." Political Studies 45:875-900.

*Pempel, T.J. 1982. Policy and Politics in Japan. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

*Pharr, Susan J. 1990. Losing Face: Status Politics in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.

@Rothacher, Albrecht. 1993. The Japanese Power Elite. New York: St. Martins Press.

Schlesinger, Jacob. 1997. The Rise and Fall of Japan's Postwar Political Machine. New York: Simon and Schuster.

*Vogel, David. 1992. "Consumer Protection and Protectionism in Japan." Journal of Japanese Studies 18:119-154.

*Wagatsuma, Hirosi and Arthur Rosett. 1986. "The Implications of Apology: Law and Culture in Japan and the United States." Law and Society Review 20:461-498.

*Wright, Maurice. 1999. "Who governs Japan? Politicians and bureaucrats in the policy-making processes." Political Studies 47:939-955.

Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. 1998. "Japan's Keidanren and political influence on market" Asian Survey 38:328-346.

*Yoshino, Kosaku. 1992. Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry. New York: Routledge.

XIII. JAPAN AS A GLOBAL ACTOR

Dore, Ronald. 1997. Japan, Internationalism and the UN. London:Routledge.

@Frankel, Jeffrey and Miles Kahler (eds). 1993. Regionalism and Rivalry: Japan and the United States in Pacific Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

*Halliday, Jon and McCormick, Gavan. 1973. Japanese Imperalism Today. Monthly Review.

*Hein, Laura E. 1994. "In Search of Peace and Democracy: Postwar Japanese Economic Debate in Political Context." Journal of Asian Studies 53:752-79.

Mendl, Wolf. 1995. Japan's Asia Policy: Regional Security and Global Interests. NY: Routledge.

Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 1998. "Invisible countries: Japan and the Asian dream." Asian Studies Review 22:5-23.

*Lincoln, Edward. 1990. Japan's Unequal Trade. Washington DC: Brookings.

Lincoln, Edward. 1993. Japan's New Global Role. Washington DC: Brookings.

*Pempel, T.J. 1997. "Regime Shift: Japanese Politics in a Changing World Economy." Journal of Japanese Studies 23:333-362.

@Pempel, T.J. 1998. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics and the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.

@Katzenstein, Peter J. and Nobuo Okawara. 1993. Japan's National Security: Structures, Norms and Policy Responses. Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series.